Viral Hepatitis: Types, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention: A Review

Abstract

Viral hepatitis is an infectious liver disease caused by several viruses, primarily Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. These viruses lead to liver inflammation, with symptoms ranging from mild jaundice to severe liver damage. Hepatitis A is often transmitted via contaminated food or water, particularly affecting children, while Hepatitis B, C, and D spread through blood and bodily fluids, leading to chronic liver conditions. Hepatitis E, common in regions with poor sanitation, spreads through water contamination. Although there is no definitive cure for most types, vaccines are available for Hepatitis A and B, and preventive measures like safe hygiene and avoiding contaminated sources can reduce infection risks. The hepatitis B vaccine has been recommended for infants since 1991 and is typically administered in three doses. It generates immunity in 95% of vaccinated children, with protection declining slightly in older adults. Immunity remains long-lasting even if antibody levels fall below the protective threshold. For infants born to hepatitis B-infected mothers, vaccination combined with immune globulin is highly effective in preventing transmission. The vaccine is crucial for those at risk, such as healthcare workers and individuals in contact with infected persons.