New Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review

Abstract

Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic condition caused by either insulin resistance or insufficiency. Accordingly, it is divided into Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and Gestational Diabetes (diabetes related to pregnancy). Insulin injections are used to treat diabetes type 1, which is caused by lack of insulin as a result of the autoimmune destroy of β-cells in pancreas. Insulin resistance (lack of insulin function) and impaired insulin secretion combine to cause diabetes type 2, which is the most common type. Consequently, there are anomalies in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. By altering the endocrine glands' ability to produce hormones, diabetes mellitus also contributes to the emergence of secondary metabolic disorders. Diabetes mellitus is a serious health issue because of increased Incidence and mortality rate, increased cost of treatment, and considerable impact on people's lives owing to lost productivity. Furthermore, research conducted globally indicates that a large number of people have undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes. Newly identified Important indicators for glucose regulation and the reason of metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus have been brought to light by recent research. Presenting recently discovered Prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of diabetes mellitus with recent advancements is the goal of this review. It has been suggested that employing novel Diabetes biomarkers as indicators of risk and associated information could help clinical evaluations by enabling the early detection of diabetic complications.