Rabies virus : A Comprehensive Review of its History, Epidemiology, Physiopathology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention Strategies

الملخص

Rabies is a deadly viral disease that affects the nervous system of both humans and animals. The causative agent belongs to the family of Rhabdoviridae and is most commonly transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, such as dogs, cats, foxes, and bats, via bites or scratches. Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare but may occur under specific circumstances. The disease manifests in two clinical forms: the furious form, characterized by aggression, excessive salivation, and hydrophobia, and the dumb [paralytic] form, where paralysis gradually develops. Transmission occurs primarily through bites or open wounds exposed to infected saliva and, less commonly, via contact with mucous membranes during handling of infected animals. Diagnosis in advanced stages relies on clinical signs, but definitive confirmation is achieved through post-mortem examination of brain tissue. Laboratory testing can also be performed on saliva or other tissue samples. Currently, there is no effective treatment once clinical symptoms appear, making prevention through vaccination the most effective strategy. Mass vaccination campaigns for animals are crucial in controlling rabies, particularly in rural areas, alongside public education programs to raise awareness about the risks of contact with potentially infected animals. The purpose of studying rabies in humans and animals is to emphasize the importance of understanding its transmission, pathogenesis, and preventive measures, given that rabies remains a fatal viral disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.