about astigmatism in Iraqis prevalence and patterns of Astigmatic refractive errors in a sample of normal Iraqi adults
Keywords:
Abbreviations 95% confidence interval ..................(95% C.I) Against the rule astigmatism..................(ATR) Diopter............................................................(D) Intraocular pressure................................(IOP) Keratometry reading in diopter................(K) Oblique astigmatism................................(OBL) With the rule astigmatism.....................(WTR)Abstract
Abstract:
Background
Astigmatism is an important clinical and public health issue, it is one of major refractive errors affecting population, persistent astigmatism will cause ametropia and reduced visual acuity by prohibiting the formation of a clear image on the retina which will result in poor work performance.6,7
Purpose
To determine the prevalence of astigmatism, and the astigmatic axis.
To investigate the differences in types and magnitude of astigmatism among different age groups and gender in a sample of normal Iraqi adults.
References
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2.Newton I. The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton: Volume 1, The Optical Lectures 1670-1672: Volume 1. The Optical Lectures 1670-1672. Cambridge University Press; 1984 Mar 29.
3.Bennett AG. An historical review of optometric principles and techniques. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 1986 Jan;6(1):3-21.
4. louis B C, Christopher JR, George AC. Basic and clinical science course. San Francisco: American academy of ophthalmology; 2016:80-81
5.Benjamin WJ. Borish's Clinical Refraction-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Jun 21.
6. Tong L, Saw SM, Carkeet A, Chan WY, Wu HM, Tan D. Prevalence rates and epidemiological risk factors for astigmatism in Singapore school children. Optometry and vision science. 2002 Sep 1;79(9):606-13.
7. Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Tung YL, Lin LL, Chen CJ, HUNG T. The prevalence of astigmatism in Taiwan schoolchildren. Optometry and vision science. 2004 Feb 1;81(2):94-8.
8. Atkinson J, Braddick O, French J. Infant astigmatism: its disappearance with age. Vision research. 1980 Jan 1;20(11):891-3.
9. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Koh D, Farook M, Widjaja D, Lee J, Tan DT. Prevalence rates of refractive errors in Sumatra, Indonesia. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2002 Oct 1;43(10):3174-80.
10. Liang YB, Wong TY, Sun LP, Tao QS, Wang JJ, Yang XH, Xiong Y, Wang NL, Friedman DS. Refractive errors in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan eye study. Ophthalmology. 2009 Nov 1;116(11):2119-27.
11.Cheng CY, Hsu WM, Liu JH, Tsai SY, Chou P. Refractive errors in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003 Nov 1;44(11):4630-8.
12. Sawada A, Tomidokoro A, Araie M, Iwase A, Yamamoto T, Tajimi Study Group. Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb 1;115(2):363-70.
13.Hashemi H, Hatef E, Fotouhi A, Mohammad K. Astigmatism and its determinants in the Tehran population: the Tehran eye study. Ophthalmic epidemiology. 2005 Jan 1;12(6):373-81.
14. Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Yekta AA, Mohammad K, Khoob MK. Characteristics of astigmatism in a population of schoolchildren, Dezful, Iran. Optometry and Vision Science. 2011 Sep 1;88(9):1054-9.
15. Schellini SA, Durkin SR, Hoyama E, Hirai F, Cordeiro R, Casson RJ, Selva D, Padovani CR. Prevalence of refractive errors in a Brazilian population: the Botucatu eye study. Ophthalmic epidemiology. 2009 Jan 1;16(2):90-7.
16.Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Tung YL, Lin LL, Chen CJ, HUNG T. The prevalence of astigmatism in Taiwan schoolchildren. Optometry and vision science. 2004 Feb 1;81(2):94-8.
17. Hashemi H, Rezvan F, Yekta AA, Hashemi M, Norouzirad R, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in a rural population of Iran: the “Nooravaran Salamat” mobile eye clinic experience. Middle East African journal of ophthalmology. 2014 Apr;21(2):175.
18. Fan DS, Rao SK, Cheung EY, Islam M, Chew S, Lam DS. Astigmatism in Chinese preschool children: prevalence, change, and effect on refractive development. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 Jul 1;88(7):938-41.
19. Huynh SC, Kifley A, Rose KA, Morgan I, Heller GZ, Mitchell P. Astigmatism and its components in 6-year-old children. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2006 Jan 1;47(1):55-64.
20. Saw SM, Chan YH, Wong WL, Shankar A, Sandar M, Aung T, Tan DT, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the Singapore Malay Eye Survey. Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct 1;115(10):1713-9.
21. Gupta A, Casson RJ, Newland HS, Muecke J, Landers J, Selva D, Aung T. Prevalence of refractive error in rural Myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2008 Jan 1;115(1):26-32.
22. Wong TY, Foster PJ, Hee J, Ng TP, Tielsch JM, Chew SJ, Johnson GJ, Seah SK. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2000 Aug 1;41(9):2486-94.
23. Krishnaiah S, Srinivas M, Khanna RC, Rao GN. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population: The Andhra Pradesh Eye disease study. Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ). 2009;3:17.
24. Xu L, Li J, Cui T, Hu A, Fan G, Zhang R, Yang H, Sun B, Jonas JB. Refractive error in urban and rural adult Chinese in Beijing. Ophthalmology. 2005 Oct 1;112(10):1676-83.
25. Bourne RR, Dineen BP, Ali SM, Huq DM, Johnson GJ. Prevalence of refractive error in Bangladeshi adults: results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh. Ophthalmology. 2004 Jun 1;111(6):1150-60.
26. Nangia V, Jonas JB, Sinha A, Matin A, Kulkarni M. Refractive error in central India: The central india eye and medical study. Ophthalmology. 2010 Apr 1;117(4):693-9.
27. Gudmundsdottir E, Arnarsson A, Jonasson F. Five-year refractive changes in an adult population: Reykjavik Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2005 Apr 1;112(4):672-7.
28.Asgari S, Hashemi H, Mehravaran S, Khabazkhoob M, Emamian MH, Jafarzadehpur E, Shariati M, Fotouhi A. Corneal refractive power and eccentricity in the 40-to 64-year-old population of Shahroud, Iran. Cornea. 2013 Jan 1;32(1):25-9.
29. Asano K, Nomura H, Iwano M, Ando F, Niino N, Shimokata H, Miyake Y. Relationship between astigmatism and aging in middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Japanese journal of ophthalmology. 2005 Mar 1;49(2):127-33.
30. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. The influence of eyelid morphology on normal corneal shape. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2007 Jan 1;48(1):112-9.
31. Mandel Y, Stone RA, Zadok D. Parameters associated with the different astigmatism axis orientations. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2010 Feb 1;51(2):723-30.
32. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2007 Jan;90(1):5-19.
33. Asharlous, Amir, et al. Comprehensive profile of bilateral astigmatism: rule
2.Newton I. The Optical Papers of Isaac Newton: Volume 1, The Optical Lectures 1670-1672: Volume 1. The Optical Lectures 1670-1672. Cambridge University Press; 1984 Mar 29.
3.Bennett AG. An historical review of optometric principles and techniques. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 1986 Jan;6(1):3-21.
4. louis B C, Christopher JR, George AC. Basic and clinical science course. San Francisco: American academy of ophthalmology; 2016:80-81
5.Benjamin WJ. Borish's Clinical Refraction-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006 Jun 21.
6. Tong L, Saw SM, Carkeet A, Chan WY, Wu HM, Tan D. Prevalence rates and epidemiological risk factors for astigmatism in Singapore school children. Optometry and vision science. 2002 Sep 1;79(9):606-13.
7. Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Tung YL, Lin LL, Chen CJ, HUNG T. The prevalence of astigmatism in Taiwan schoolchildren. Optometry and vision science. 2004 Feb 1;81(2):94-8.
8. Atkinson J, Braddick O, French J. Infant astigmatism: its disappearance with age. Vision research. 1980 Jan 1;20(11):891-3.
9. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Koh D, Farook M, Widjaja D, Lee J, Tan DT. Prevalence rates of refractive errors in Sumatra, Indonesia. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2002 Oct 1;43(10):3174-80.
10. Liang YB, Wong TY, Sun LP, Tao QS, Wang JJ, Yang XH, Xiong Y, Wang NL, Friedman DS. Refractive errors in a rural Chinese adult population: the Handan eye study. Ophthalmology. 2009 Nov 1;116(11):2119-27.
11.Cheng CY, Hsu WM, Liu JH, Tsai SY, Chou P. Refractive errors in an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2003 Nov 1;44(11):4630-8.
12. Sawada A, Tomidokoro A, Araie M, Iwase A, Yamamoto T, Tajimi Study Group. Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: the Tajimi study. Ophthalmology. 2008 Feb 1;115(2):363-70.
13.Hashemi H, Hatef E, Fotouhi A, Mohammad K. Astigmatism and its determinants in the Tehran population: the Tehran eye study. Ophthalmic epidemiology. 2005 Jan 1;12(6):373-81.
14. Fotouhi A, Hashemi H, Yekta AA, Mohammad K, Khoob MK. Characteristics of astigmatism in a population of schoolchildren, Dezful, Iran. Optometry and Vision Science. 2011 Sep 1;88(9):1054-9.
15. Schellini SA, Durkin SR, Hoyama E, Hirai F, Cordeiro R, Casson RJ, Selva D, Padovani CR. Prevalence of refractive errors in a Brazilian population: the Botucatu eye study. Ophthalmic epidemiology. 2009 Jan 1;16(2):90-7.
16.Shih YF, Hsiao CK, Tung YL, Lin LL, Chen CJ, HUNG T. The prevalence of astigmatism in Taiwan schoolchildren. Optometry and vision science. 2004 Feb 1;81(2):94-8.
17. Hashemi H, Rezvan F, Yekta AA, Hashemi M, Norouzirad R, Khabazkhoob M. The prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in a rural population of Iran: the “Nooravaran Salamat” mobile eye clinic experience. Middle East African journal of ophthalmology. 2014 Apr;21(2):175.
18. Fan DS, Rao SK, Cheung EY, Islam M, Chew S, Lam DS. Astigmatism in Chinese preschool children: prevalence, change, and effect on refractive development. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004 Jul 1;88(7):938-41.
19. Huynh SC, Kifley A, Rose KA, Morgan I, Heller GZ, Mitchell P. Astigmatism and its components in 6-year-old children. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2006 Jan 1;47(1):55-64.
20. Saw SM, Chan YH, Wong WL, Shankar A, Sandar M, Aung T, Tan DT, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the Singapore Malay Eye Survey. Ophthalmology. 2008 Oct 1;115(10):1713-9.
21. Gupta A, Casson RJ, Newland HS, Muecke J, Landers J, Selva D, Aung T. Prevalence of refractive error in rural Myanmar: the Meiktila Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2008 Jan 1;115(1):26-32.
22. Wong TY, Foster PJ, Hee J, Ng TP, Tielsch JM, Chew SJ, Johnson GJ, Seah SK. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2000 Aug 1;41(9):2486-94.
23. Krishnaiah S, Srinivas M, Khanna RC, Rao GN. Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in the South Indian adult population: The Andhra Pradesh Eye disease study. Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ). 2009;3:17.
24. Xu L, Li J, Cui T, Hu A, Fan G, Zhang R, Yang H, Sun B, Jonas JB. Refractive error in urban and rural adult Chinese in Beijing. Ophthalmology. 2005 Oct 1;112(10):1676-83.
25. Bourne RR, Dineen BP, Ali SM, Huq DM, Johnson GJ. Prevalence of refractive error in Bangladeshi adults: results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh. Ophthalmology. 2004 Jun 1;111(6):1150-60.
26. Nangia V, Jonas JB, Sinha A, Matin A, Kulkarni M. Refractive error in central India: The central india eye and medical study. Ophthalmology. 2010 Apr 1;117(4):693-9.
27. Gudmundsdottir E, Arnarsson A, Jonasson F. Five-year refractive changes in an adult population: Reykjavik Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2005 Apr 1;112(4):672-7.
28.Asgari S, Hashemi H, Mehravaran S, Khabazkhoob M, Emamian MH, Jafarzadehpur E, Shariati M, Fotouhi A. Corneal refractive power and eccentricity in the 40-to 64-year-old population of Shahroud, Iran. Cornea. 2013 Jan 1;32(1):25-9.
29. Asano K, Nomura H, Iwano M, Ando F, Niino N, Shimokata H, Miyake Y. Relationship between astigmatism and aging in middle-aged and elderly Japanese. Japanese journal of ophthalmology. 2005 Mar 1;49(2):127-33.
30. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. The influence of eyelid morphology on normal corneal shape. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2007 Jan 1;48(1):112-9.
31. Mandel Y, Stone RA, Zadok D. Parameters associated with the different astigmatism axis orientations. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2010 Feb 1;51(2):723-30.
32. Read SA, Collins MJ, Carney LG. A review of astigmatism and its possible genesis. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2007 Jan;90(1):5-19.
33. Asharlous, Amir, et al. Comprehensive profile of bilateral astigmatism: rule
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Published
2020-06-18
How to Cite
Mehdy, I. S. (2020). about astigmatism in Iraqis prevalence and patterns of Astigmatic refractive errors in a sample of normal Iraqi adults. Karbala Journal of Medicine, 13(1), 2287–2292. Retrieved from https://journals.uokerbala.edu.iq/index.php/kj/article/view/777
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