Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with type two diabetes mellitus attending Imam Hussein medical city in Karbala
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70863/karbalajm.v14i1.843Keywords:
Metabolic syndrome; National cholesterol education program.Abstract
Background: The Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors that is responsible for the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.
Objective: determine the prevalence of Metabolic syndrome and its components among type two diabetes patients.
Materials and methods: Across sectional study was conducted between February to August 2020 among 394 patients with type two diabetes were randomly selected in diabetic center of Imam AL Hussein Medical City in Karbala, Iraq . The demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were studied after obtaining informed consent from each patient. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the criteria of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III).
Result: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 92.7%. A total of 394 patients were included in the study,285(72.3%) were females with mean age (51.77±9.56) years. The most prevalent component of metabolic syndrome was elevated triglyceride (87.3%); followed by abdominal obesity (80.2%) and elevated blood pressure (71.6%).
Conclusion: This study indicates significant prevalence of metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic patients; which proposing that diabetic patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications.
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome; National cholesterol education program.
References
1. Zimmet P, Alberti KGMM, Stern N, Bilu C, El-Osta A, Einat H, et al. The Circadian Syndrome: is the Metabolic Syndrome and much more! J Intern Med. 2019;286(2):181–91.
2. Anwer A, Kaleem M, Abbas H, Hanif A. METABOLIC SYNDROME; FREQUENCY IN PATIENTS PRESENTED WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. Prof Med J. 2018;25(2).
3. Titty F-VK, Owiredu W, Agyei-Frempong MT. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components among diabetic patients in Ghana. J Biol Sci. 2008;8(6):1057–61.
4. Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international . Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
5. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med [Internet]. 2016;26(4):364–73. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2015.10.004
6. Xi B, He D, Hu Y, Zhou D. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009. Prev Med (Baltim). 2013;57(6):867–71.
7. Marchesini G, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Manini R, Natale S, Baraldi L, et al. WHO and ATPIII proposals for the definition of the metabolic syndrome in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21(4):383–7.
8. Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Salpea KD, Mikhailidis DP. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in various populations. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(6):362–71.
9. Isomaa BO, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):683–9.
10. rto Wagner Júnior Freire deLira Neto, José Cláudio GaAlmeida yra de, Borges JWP, Araújo, Márcio Flávio Moura deCoelho R, Freitas R, Xavier M, Damasceno MM. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(2):265–70.
11. Siva L, Mythili S, Rani J, Kumar PS. Biochemical and haematological aberrations in type I and type II diabetic patients in South India-a comparative study. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012;3(2):967–77.
12. Aziz IA. PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS. Int J Sci Res. 2020;8(12).
13. Ghafuri S, Ghaderi E, Fahami Y, Rajabnia M, Naleini SN. Epidemiologic study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in rural population of kurdistan province, Iran, in 2011–2017. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev [Internet]. 2019;13(3):1689–97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.037
14. Shin J, Lee J, Lim S, Ha H, Kwon H, Park Y, et al. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes, and its clinical interpretations and usefulness. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(4):334–43.
15. Wong ND, Nelson JC, Granston T, Bertoni AG, Blumenthal RS, Carr JJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and incidence and progression of coronary calcium: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):358–66.
16. Deepa M, Farooq S, Datta M, Deepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES‐34). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23(2):127–34.
17. Lone S, Lone K, Khan S, Pampori RA. Assessment of metabolic syndrome in Kashmiri population with type 2 diabetes employing the standard criteria’s given by WHO, NCEPATP III and IDF. J Epidemiol Glob Health [Internet]. 2017;7(4):235–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.07.004
18. Osei-Yeboah J, Owiredu WKBA, Norgbe GK, Yao Lokpo S, Gyamfi J, Alote Allotey E, et al. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among People with Type 2 Diabetes in the Ho Municipality, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Chronic Dis. 2017;2017:1–8.
19. Marques A, Sarmento H, Martins J, Nunes LS. Prevalence of physical activity in European adults—compliance with the World Health Organization’s physical activity guidelines. Prev Med (Baltim). 2015;81:333–8.
20. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, Haffner SM. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes. 2003;52(5):1210–4.
21. Osei-Yeboah J, Owiredu WKBA, Norgbe GK, Yao Lokpo, SylvesterB.Xi, D. He, Y.Hu, andD.Zhou, “Prevalenceofmetabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009,” Preventive Medicine, vol.57, no.6, pp. 867–871 2013., Gyamfi J, Alote Allotey E, et al. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among People with Type 2 Diabetes in the Ho Municipality, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Chronic Dis. 2017;2017:1–8.
22. Alshkri MM, Elmehdawi RR. Metabolic syndrome among type-2 diabetic patients in Benghazi-Libya: a pilot study. Libyan J Med. 2008;3(4):177–80.
23. Yadav D, Mahajan S, Subramanian SK, Bisen PS, Chung CH, Prasad G. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus using NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and WHO definition and its agreement in Gwalior Chambal region of Central India. Glob J Health Sci. 2013;5(6):142.
24. Lombo B, Satizábal C, Villalobos C, Tique C, Kattah W. Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes diabéticos. Acta Médica Colomb. 2007;32(1):9–15.
25. Yasir HE, Tahir OA, Leena BM, Imam SN. Metabolic syndrome and its association with obesity and lifestyle factors in Sudanese population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2016;10(3):128–31.
26. Todowede OO, Sartorius B. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, discrete or comorbid diabetes and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa among people living with HIV versus HIV-negative populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7).
27. Khalil S, Almobarak AO, Awadalla H, Elmadhoun WM, Noor SK, Sulaiman AA, et al. Low levels of physical activity in Sudanese individuals with some features of metabolic syndrome: population based study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2017;11:S551–4.
28. Xu H, Song Y, You NC, Zhang ZF, Greenland S, Ford ES, et al. Prevalence and clustering of metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health. 2010;10.
29. Sanders BH, Lubsch LM, West DS. Prevalence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(9):1517–21.
30. Mokáň M, Galajda P, Prídavková D, Tomášková V, Šutarík Ľ, Kručinská Ľ, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in Slovakia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(2):238–42.
31. Erasmus RT, Soita DJ, Hassan MS, Blanco-Blanco E, Vergotine Z, Kengne AP, et al. High prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a South African coloured population: Baseline data of a study in Bellville, Cape Town. South African Med J. 2012;102(11):841–4.
32. Gündogan K, Bayram F, Capak M, Tanriverdi F, Karaman A, Ozturk A, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Mediterranean region of Turkey: evaluation of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(5):427–34.
33. Mousavi E, Gharipour M, Tavassoli A, Sadri GH, Sarrafzadegan N. Multiparity and risk of metabolic syndrome: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(6):519–24.
34. Nahar S, Rahman MZ, Ullah M, Debnath BC, Sultana N, Farhad C. Commonest Form of Diabetes, Constituting Nearly 90% of Diabetic Population in Any Country. 2009;
35. Al-shouk THTM. Metabolic syndrome among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Babel Goverenate. 2010;7(4):344–51.
36. Lira Neto JCG, Xavier M de A, Borges JWP, Araújo MFM de, Damasceno MMC, Freitas RWJF de. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(2):265–70.
37. Jindal K, Goyal LK, Khilnani K. Metabolic syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and its relation with retinal microvascular complication (diabetic retinopathy). Sch Acad J Biosci. 2015;3(8):698–702.
38. Avramoglu RK, Basciano H, Adeli K. Lipid and lipoprotein dysregulation in insulin resistant states. Clin Chim acta. 2006;368(1–2):1–19.
39. Patel JL, Suthar AM, Dalsaniya VB, Parikh AP, Suthar NN, Patel KL. A study of metabolic syndrome and its components in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and their asymptomatic first-degree relatives. Indian J Clin Pr [Internet]. 2013;23(9):520–3
2. Anwer A, Kaleem M, Abbas H, Hanif A. METABOLIC SYNDROME; FREQUENCY IN PATIENTS PRESENTED WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. Prof Med J. 2018;25(2).
3. Titty F-VK, Owiredu W, Agyei-Frempong MT. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components among diabetic patients in Ghana. J Biol Sci. 2008;8(6):1057–61.
4. Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international . Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
5. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome update. Trends Cardiovasc Med [Internet]. 2016;26(4):364–73. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2015.10.004
6. Xi B, He D, Hu Y, Zhou D. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009. Prev Med (Baltim). 2013;57(6):867–71.
7. Marchesini G, Forlani G, Cerrelli F, Manini R, Natale S, Baraldi L, et al. WHO and ATPIII proposals for the definition of the metabolic syndrome in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2004;21(4):383–7.
8. Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Salpea KD, Mikhailidis DP. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in various populations. Am J Med Sci. 2007;333(6):362–71.
9. Isomaa BO, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissen M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(4):683–9.
10. rto Wagner Júnior Freire deLira Neto, José Cláudio GaAlmeida yra de, Borges JWP, Araújo, Márcio Flávio Moura deCoelho R, Freitas R, Xavier M, Damasceno MM. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(2):265–70.
11. Siva L, Mythili S, Rani J, Kumar PS. Biochemical and haematological aberrations in type I and type II diabetic patients in South India-a comparative study. Int J Res Pharm Biomed Sci. 2012;3(2):967–77.
12. Aziz IA. PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS. Int J Sci Res. 2020;8(12).
13. Ghafuri S, Ghaderi E, Fahami Y, Rajabnia M, Naleini SN. Epidemiologic study of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in rural population of kurdistan province, Iran, in 2011–2017. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev [Internet]. 2019;13(3):1689–97. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.037
14. Shin J, Lee J, Lim S, Ha H, Kwon H, Park Y, et al. Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes, and its clinical interpretations and usefulness. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(4):334–43.
15. Wong ND, Nelson JC, Granston T, Bertoni AG, Blumenthal RS, Carr JJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and incidence and progression of coronary calcium: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):358–66.
16. Deepa M, Farooq S, Datta M, Deepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES‐34). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23(2):127–34.
17. Lone S, Lone K, Khan S, Pampori RA. Assessment of metabolic syndrome in Kashmiri population with type 2 diabetes employing the standard criteria’s given by WHO, NCEPATP III and IDF. J Epidemiol Glob Health [Internet]. 2017;7(4):235–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.07.004
18. Osei-Yeboah J, Owiredu WKBA, Norgbe GK, Yao Lokpo S, Gyamfi J, Alote Allotey E, et al. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among People with Type 2 Diabetes in the Ho Municipality, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Chronic Dis. 2017;2017:1–8.
19. Marques A, Sarmento H, Martins J, Nunes LS. Prevalence of physical activity in European adults—compliance with the World Health Organization’s physical activity guidelines. Prev Med (Baltim). 2015;81:333–8.
20. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM, Haffner SM. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes. 2003;52(5):1210–4.
21. Osei-Yeboah J, Owiredu WKBA, Norgbe GK, Yao Lokpo, SylvesterB.Xi, D. He, Y.Hu, andD.Zhou, “Prevalenceofmetabolic syndrome and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults: the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2009,” Preventive Medicine, vol.57, no.6, pp. 867–871 2013., Gyamfi J, Alote Allotey E, et al. The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among People with Type 2 Diabetes in the Ho Municipality, Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Chronic Dis. 2017;2017:1–8.
22. Alshkri MM, Elmehdawi RR. Metabolic syndrome among type-2 diabetic patients in Benghazi-Libya: a pilot study. Libyan J Med. 2008;3(4):177–80.
23. Yadav D, Mahajan S, Subramanian SK, Bisen PS, Chung CH, Prasad G. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus using NCEP-ATPIII, IDF and WHO definition and its agreement in Gwalior Chambal region of Central India. Glob J Health Sci. 2013;5(6):142.
24. Lombo B, Satizábal C, Villalobos C, Tique C, Kattah W. Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en pacientes diabéticos. Acta Médica Colomb. 2007;32(1):9–15.
25. Yasir HE, Tahir OA, Leena BM, Imam SN. Metabolic syndrome and its association with obesity and lifestyle factors in Sudanese population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2016;10(3):128–31.
26. Todowede OO, Sartorius B. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome, discrete or comorbid diabetes and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa among people living with HIV versus HIV-negative populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7).
27. Khalil S, Almobarak AO, Awadalla H, Elmadhoun WM, Noor SK, Sulaiman AA, et al. Low levels of physical activity in Sudanese individuals with some features of metabolic syndrome: population based study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2017;11:S551–4.
28. Xu H, Song Y, You NC, Zhang ZF, Greenland S, Ford ES, et al. Prevalence and clustering of metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health. 2010;10.
29. Sanders BH, Lubsch LM, West DS. Prevalence and treatment of metabolic syndrome in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(9):1517–21.
30. Mokáň M, Galajda P, Prídavková D, Tomášková V, Šutarík Ľ, Kručinská Ľ, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in Slovakia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(2):238–42.
31. Erasmus RT, Soita DJ, Hassan MS, Blanco-Blanco E, Vergotine Z, Kengne AP, et al. High prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in a South African coloured population: Baseline data of a study in Bellville, Cape Town. South African Med J. 2012;102(11):841–4.
32. Gündogan K, Bayram F, Capak M, Tanriverdi F, Karaman A, Ozturk A, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Mediterranean region of Turkey: evaluation of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(5):427–34.
33. Mousavi E, Gharipour M, Tavassoli A, Sadri GH, Sarrafzadegan N. Multiparity and risk of metabolic syndrome: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2009;7(6):519–24.
34. Nahar S, Rahman MZ, Ullah M, Debnath BC, Sultana N, Farhad C. Commonest Form of Diabetes, Constituting Nearly 90% of Diabetic Population in Any Country. 2009;
35. Al-shouk THTM. Metabolic syndrome among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Babel Goverenate. 2010;7(4):344–51.
36. Lira Neto JCG, Xavier M de A, Borges JWP, Araújo MFM de, Damasceno MMC, Freitas RWJF de. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rev Bras Enferm. 2017;70(2):265–70.
37. Jindal K, Goyal LK, Khilnani K. Metabolic syndrome in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and its relation with retinal microvascular complication (diabetic retinopathy). Sch Acad J Biosci. 2015;3(8):698–702.
38. Avramoglu RK, Basciano H, Adeli K. Lipid and lipoprotein dysregulation in insulin resistant states. Clin Chim acta. 2006;368(1–2):1–19.
39. Patel JL, Suthar AM, Dalsaniya VB, Parikh AP, Suthar NN, Patel KL. A study of metabolic syndrome and its components in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects and their asymptomatic first-degree relatives. Indian J Clin Pr [Internet]. 2013;23(9):520–3
Published
2021-07-28
How to Cite
Bader, W. (2021). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients with type two diabetes mellitus attending Imam Hussein medical city in Karbala. Karbala Journal of Medicine, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.70863/karbalajm.v14i1.843
Issue
Section
Research Articles
